The Gaseous Exchange

Transport of Oxygen - Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is 20 ml for 100m but 3% of dissolved in plasma and 97% of the oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form a loose reversible Complex called oxyhaemoglobin and is transported from one tissue to another via blood. One molecule of haemoglobin has four iron ions and each of which can pick up a molecule of oxygen it also contains porphyrin ring and globin protein. Degree of saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen is dependent upon the oxygen tension or partial pressure of oxygen called PO₂. Relationship between the oxyhaemoglobin saturation and oxygen tension ka is called oxygen dissociation curve and it is sigmoid in shape but for myoglobin of muscle the oxygen dissociation curve is hyperbole in nature. Oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve is observed to be shifts to right by increasing the hydrogen ion concentration, carbon dioxide tension, temperature and these phosphoglycerate concentration of erythrocyte. Thus these things are considered to be the factors that affect the dissociation curve and its shifts from two hours right by increasing hydrogen ion concentration. Hemoglobin for oxygen. This things or if it is called Bohr effect as scientist Bohr from this things and oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted due to the changes in that carbon dioxide level within the body.

Haldane Effect - Haldane effect is a theme where it has been showed that oxyhaemoglobin functions as an acid and it decreases pH of blood increases hydrogen ion concentration number and convert it to bicarbonate ion and then again that bicarbonate ion to water molecule and carbon dioxide molecule.

Transport of Carbon Dioxide - Transport of carbon dioxide is the second part of the gaseous exchange of respiratory system. As it is proved that almost 7% of the dissolved carbonic acid is transported in this form and 70% as bicarbonate from form and 23% as carbaminohaemoglobin form within the blood. Carbon dioxide is an excretory product which is produced due to metabolism of the food inside the body and it should be removed from the blood outside the body unless it may produces carbonic acid and make the blood more acidic. Consequently its partial pressure of carbon dioxide is the highest in tissue and carbon dioxide diffuses into tissue fluid and from there into blood in blood carbon dioxide is transported in the four forms. The four forms of carbon dioxide that transported in the blood are-

In plasma-carbon dioxide reacts with water molecule to produce carbonic acid and in the next step sodium carbonate reacts with water molecules and carbon dioxide to produce Sodium Bicarbonate.

In erythrocytes- in erythrocytes most of the carbon dioxide is passed into any three sides which is a major part almost nearly 70% of the forms of carbonic acid and then Bicarbonate.

A sizable portion of bicarbonate ions passes out into the Plasma in return for Chloride and this is called chloride shift. This phenomenon is also known as hamburgers phenomena is chloride pump is involved for this process and the remaining of the chloride combines with potassium ions to form potassium chloride. Almost 23% of the carbon dioxide that forms by the tissue form a complex with the amino acid proteins which is the part of haemoglobin known as carbaminohaemoglobin compound. Within the lungs the complex are broken down to release carbon dioxide and the oxyhaemoglobin donates hydrogen ions which is called Haldane effect and it combined with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid. Letter it dissociates to produce carbon dioxide within the tissue.

Eleventh Grade

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