How do Enzyme Bring about Such High Rates of Chemical Conversion?

Definition of Enzymes: Enzymes are biological catalysts that are produced from the cell and are associated with the conversion of the substrate to another components called products. Examples are-

Reaction of enzymes: E (Enzymes)+ S (substrate)= ES complex= P (products)

Types of enzymes: Enzymes are of different types- oxidoreductase, hydrolase, lyase, lygase, isomerase etc.

Definition of Products: the formation of new substances due to chemical reactions between enzyme and substrate is called product.Examples- suppose pepsin is reacting over the substrate called protein and breaks into amino acids. Here amino acid is the product.

Definition of Substrates: substrate is the components on which the enzyme reacts. Examples- suppose lipase is an enzyme that acts on fat molecules. Here fat is the substrate.

Structure of Enzymes: As enzymes are big three dimensional molecules containing a specific pocket in itself, which is the verification specific cleft and are specific for the respective substrate binding. This pocket region of the substrate is known as active site of the enzyme.

Diffusion of Substrate Towards the Enzyme: Substrate are diffused towards the enzyme and binds with the region called active site of the enzyme. As a result an intermediate compound called enzyme- substrate or E-S complex is formed. This is an unstable complex.

Formation of Transient Compound: The complex formed due to the reaction of enzyme and substrate is known as transient compound which is formed due to the binding of enzymes-substrate. Explanation-

Release of Products: As enzyme substrate complex that formed , are converted into product.and released from the enzymes. Quantity of product can be less or more than substrate concentration.

Effect of Heat in Reaction: Enzyme substrate reaction can be endergonic or exergonic. The term endothermic means heat is absorbed during the reaction. Examples of endothermic reaction is – Endothermic reactions are also observed case of electrolysis , thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate, reaction between alcohol and sodium salt . On the other hand exothermic means heat should be given to from outside to execute the reaction. Examples of exothermic reaction is – There are many exothermic reaction, among them rusting, oxidation, titration of acid and base are the important.

Product Concentration: If the concentration of product is lower than the substrate then it is exothermic reaction means heat should be added from outside to execute the reaction.

Change of Configuration of Substrate: Whether the enzymetic reaction is exothermic or endothermic, the Substrate has to undergo a high energy transition state. And this enzyme substrate binding sometimes causes change in the structural state of substrate. Change of substrate to the products occur by altered structural state.

Breakage of Bonding: In the enzyme substrate reaction there is broken down of different bonds and re organisation of different components by bond formation is observed.

The difference between the energy content of the substrate with that of its transition state is called activation energy.

Bringing Down of Activation Energy: Enzymes bring down this high energy barrier to the lower to make the transition from substrate to the products.

Eleventh Grade

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